Impedance is the total opposition that an electrical circuit presents to the flow of alternating current (AC). It combines resistance (R) and reactance (X), which includes both inductive and capacitive effects. Impedance is measured in ohms (Ω) and varies with frequency. In AC power systems, it influences voltage drop, power transfer efficiency, and circuit performance. Impedance matching is crucial in electrical and communication systems to ensure efficient energy transfer and minimize signal reflections or losses.

Impulse in electrical engineering refers to a sudden and short-duration burst of electrical energy, often characterized by a rapid rise and fall in voltage or current. Impulses can occur naturally, such as from lightning strikes, or be artificially generated for testing electrical equipment. Impulse testing is commonly used in high-voltage applications to assess the insulation strength of transformers, cables, and circuit breakers. These transient events can cause damage if not properly managed with surge protection devices like arresters and filters.

An Insulator is a material that resists the flow of electrical current, preventing energy loss and protecting people and equipment from electric shocks. Common insulating materials include rubber, glass, ceramic, and plastic. Insulators are used in electrical power systems to separate conductors, support overhead power lines, and prevent short circuits. Their effectiveness is measured by dielectric strength, which indicates how much voltage they can withstand before breaking down. Proper insulation is essential for maintaining electrical safety and system reliability.

Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) is a hybrid power generation system that combines solar thermal energy with a conventional combined cycle power plant. In this setup, solar energy is used to preheat water or generate steam, reducing the fuel required for the steam turbine, thus improving efficiency and lowering emissions. ISCC plants enhance renewable energy integration while maintaining reliability, making them a cost-effective transition toward cleaner energy production. They are particularly useful in sunny regions where solar energy can supplement fossil fuel-based power generation.

The Internet of Things, Services, and People (IoTSP) refers to the interconnected network of smart devices, digital services, and human interactions that work together to create intelligent and automated systems. This concept extends beyond traditional IoT by integrating services (such as cloud computing and AI-driven analytics) and people (through user interfaces, decision-making, and human-in-the-loop systems). IoTSP is widely applied in industries like smart cities, healthcare, and manufacturing, enhancing efficiency, automation, and user experiences through real-time data exchange and intelligent decision-making.

An Inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC). It is commonly used in solar power systems, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and motor drives. Inverters can produce different types of AC waveforms, such as pure sine wave, modified sine wave, and square wave, depending on the application. They play a crucial role in renewable energy by allowing DC power from solar panels or batteries to be used in standard AC-powered appliances and electrical grids.

ISO 14000 is a set of international standards for environmental management systems (EMS), developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It provides guidelines for organizations to minimize their environmental impact, comply with regulations, and continuously improve their environmental performance. The most recognized standard in this series is ISO 14001, which outlines requirements for implementing an effective EMS. ISO 14000 helps businesses reduce waste, manage resources efficiently, and enhance sustainability practices while improving their environmental responsibility and corporate reputation.

ISO 9000 is a family of international standards for quality management systems (QMS), developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It provides guidelines for organizations to ensure consistent product and service quality, customer satisfaction, and continuous improvement. The most well-known standard in this series is ISO 9001, which specifies requirements for a QMS. ISO 9000 applies to various industries and helps businesses improve efficiency, meet regulatory requirements, and enhance credibility through certification.