A Lead-Acid Battery is a rechargeable battery that uses lead dioxide (PbO₂) and sponge lead (Pb) electrodes with a sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) electrolyte to generate electricity. It is widely used in automotive, industrial, and backup power applications due to its reliability and cost-effectiveness. Lead-acid batteries come in different types, such as flooded, sealed (VRLA), AGM, and gel batteries, each designed for specific uses. Despite their weight and lower energy density compared to newer battery technologies, they remain popular for starting vehicles, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and renewable energy storage.

LED (Light-Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. Unlike incandescent bulbs, LEDs are highly energy-efficient, producing minimal heat and lasting much longer. They are used in lighting, displays, indicators, and various electronic applications. LEDs come in different colors and brightness levels, with white LEDs commonly used for general illumination. Their advantages include low power consumption, high durability, and instant brightness, making them a preferred choice for modern lighting solutions.

A Limit Switch is an electromechanical device used to detect the presence or position of an object. It operates by making or breaking an electrical circuit when a moving part physically contacts the switch actuator. Limit switches are widely used in industrial automation, machinery, and safety applications to control movement, prevent overtravel, or trigger specific actions. They come in various types, such as lever, plunger, and roller switches, and are essential for position sensing, safety interlocks, and automated control systems.

Load refers to the amount of electrical power consumed by a device, system, or entire electrical network. It can be classified into different types: - Resistive Load (e.g., heaters, incandescent bulbs) - Inductive Load (e.g., motors, transformers) - Capacitive Load (e.g., capacitor banks) Loads are measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW) and fluctuate based on demand. Managing electrical loads efficiently is essential for power distribution, system stability, and energy savings in residential, commercial, and industrial applications.

Loop Flow refers to the unintended circulation of electrical power along parallel transmission paths within an interconnected power grid. It occurs when electricity follows a path of lower impedance, even if that path is not the intended route. Loop flow can cause overloading, voltage instability, and inefficiencies in power distribution. Grid operators use power flow control devices, HVDC links, and phase-shifting transformers to manage and mitigate loop flow, ensuring efficient and stable electricity transmission across regional and national grids.

Lumen (lm) is the unit of luminous flux, measuring the total amount of visible light emitted by a source. It indicates brightness as perceived by the human eye. Unlike watts, which measure power consumption, lumens measure light output, making them a key factor in comparing energy-efficient lighting. For example, an LED bulb producing 800 lumens can replace a 60-watt incandescent bulb, consuming far less energy. Higher lumens mean brighter light, making lumens a crucial metric in lighting design and efficiency ratings.

Lux (lx) is the unit of illuminance, measuring the amount of light that falls on a surface. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter (lm/m²). It indicates brightness levels in various environments, such as offices, streets, or factories. For example, typical indoor lighting ranges from 100 to 500 lux, while direct sunlight can exceed 100,000 lux. Lux measurements are crucial in lighting design, workplace safety, and energy efficiency, ensuring adequate illumination for different applications.

LV (Low Voltage) refers to electrical systems operating at 1,000 volts AC (V) or less or 1,500 volts DC (V) or less, depending on regional standards. LV is commonly used for residential, commercial, and light industrial applications, powering appliances, lighting, and electronic devices. It is considered safer than medium and high voltage systems but still requires proper insulation, grounding, and protective devices like circuit breakers to prevent electrical hazards such as short circuits and overloads.