Parallel in electrical systems refers to a circuit configuration where components, such as resistors, capacitors, or power sources, are connected side by side, sharing the same voltage across them. In a parallel circuit, the total current is the sum of the currents through each branch, while the voltage remains constant across all components. This setup is commonly used in power distribution, battery banks, and electrical networks to ensure reliability, redundancy, and balanced load distribution. Parallel connections help maintain operation even if one component fails.

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) is a flat board made of insulating material with conductive pathways etched onto its surface. It is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components like resistors, capacitors, and microchips through copper traces. PCBs are essential in electronic devices, power systems, industrial automation, and control panels. They come in single-layer, multi-layer, and flexible designs, allowing for compact and efficient circuit layouts. Proper PCB design improves signal integrity, power distribution, and system reliability in electrical and electronic applications.

Phase in electricity refers to the position of a voltage or current waveform in relation to time or another waveform. In AC (alternating current) systems, phase determines how electrical signals align and interact. - Single-phase power is commonly used in residential applications. - Three-phase power, used in industrial and commercial settings, consists of three alternating currents, each offset by 120 degrees, providing smoother and more efficient power delivery. Phase differences impact power distribution, motor operation, and electrical system stability.

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is an industrial computer used to automate machinery and processes in manufacturing, power plants, and industrial control systems. PLCs are designed to handle real-time operations, executing programmed logic to control motors, sensors, actuators, and other devices. They are known for reliability, flexibility, and durability in harsh environments. PLCs use ladder logic or function block programming and communicate with SCADA, DCS, and IoT systems for efficient automation and monitoring of industrial processes.

Power Capacity refers to the maximum amount of electrical power that a system, generator, transformer, or grid can handle or supply. It is typically measured in watts (W), kilowatts (kW), megawatts (MW), or gigawatts (GW) and determines the system’s ability to meet energy demands. Power capacity is crucial in power plants, transmission networks, and industrial facilities to ensure stability and efficiency. Proper capacity planning helps prevent overloads, blackouts, and inefficiencies in electrical infrastructure.

Power Factor (PF) is the ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA) in an AC electrical system. It indicates how efficiently electrical power is converted into useful work. A power factor of 1 (or 100%) means all the supplied power is used effectively, while a lower PF suggests wasted energy due to reactive power (kVAR). Improving power factor through capacitor banks or power factor correction devices reduces energy losses, improves voltage stability, and enhances overall system efficiency.

Power Losses refer to the energy lost during electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. These losses are mainly due to resistance in conductors (I²R losses), transformer inefficiencies, and leakage currents. Power losses are classified as: - Technical losses (caused by electrical components like wires, transformers, and switchgear). - Non-technical losses (caused by theft, metering errors, or billing inaccuracies). Reducing power losses through efficient transmission systems, power factor correction, and grid optimization improves energy efficiency and reduces operational costs.

PV (Photovoltaic) refers to technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells. PV systems are widely used in solar panels for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. The electricity generated can be used immediately, stored in batteries, or fed into the power grid. PV technology plays a crucial role in renewable energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and contributing to sustainable power generation. Key components of a PV system include solar panels, inverters, charge controllers, and mounting structures.